Civil rights outline Essay Example For Students

Social liberties plot Essay OutlineCivil Rights: The Changes That Happened, The Changes That Didnt, and Those That Did Their Best to Prevent Them From Happening. A.The battle for equity has been a fight battled for many years. Archives, for example, The Declaration of Independence, going back to 1776, express that all men are made equivalent, and among these are Life, Liberty, and the quest for satisfaction. B.Surely we realize that in truth all men were not seen as equivalent since issues, for example, subjection and white prevalence existed just as segregation gives that despite everything exist somewhat today. C.In 1865, The thirteenth Amendment was set up which annulled bondage, yet didn't give blacks balance. D.Government was still incredibly one-sided when meeting to make Amendments. They were cited as saying We hold this to be an administration of white peopleto advantage white peopleand no Africans can be a U.S. citizenE.Even however bondage was canceled with the thirteenth Amendment, issues, for example, Black Codes and the battles of the Freedmens Bureau were unquestionably present and consuming solid. F.Inequality was shown when the Freedmens Bureau allowed all liberated slaves 40 sections of land of land and a donkey. Our President right now, Andrew Johnson, emphatically couldn't help contradicting the Freedmens Bureau and felt that the freedmen didn't merit the land they were given, so he took it back. G.Violence turned into a method of managing the social equality issues. Blacks were lynched day by day and 1000 were killed in the province of Texas alone for different wrongdoings in which they were not permitted to shield themselves in a courtroom. H.Johnson accepted he had reestablished the Union yet Congress differ and started to understand that the individuals who were once slave proprietors were currently in intensity of the new and improved states and little change has happened. This lead to Congress developing the Civil Rights Bill of 1866, which gave resident boat to all conceived in the U.S. I.Johnson couldn't help contradicting the Civil Rights Bill and vetoed it, however he was later overroad by a Congressional choice which was the first run through in history this has occurred. J.The fourteenth Amendment was included characterizing citizenship and requested equivalent insurance under the law. The fifteenth Amendment was additionally included which conceded Black men the option to cast a ballot. K.Many were still juxtaposed to approach rights and to the laws being made and decided to stand firm. From this gatherings, for example, the Ku Klux Klan and the Mississippi Plan created to threaten blacks. Sources: Bittker, Boris I. The Case for Black Reparations. New York: Random House, Inc., 1973. Horn, Stanley F. Undetectable Empire. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1939. Katz, William Loren. The Ku Klux Klan Impact on History. Washington, DC: Open Hand Publishing Inc., 1986. Vogelgesang, Sandy. American Dream Global Nighmare. New York London: W.W. Norton ; Company, 1980. Withylaw. A Short History of American Civil Rights Laws http://www.withylaw.com/history.htm. Gotten to February 20, 2002. Social liberties Law and History http://www.usdoj.gov/kidspage/crt/crtmenu.htm. Gotten to February 22, 2002. Ross, Diane. Common People Living Extraordinary Lives, http://www.usm.edu/mcrohb/html/album/intro.htm. Gotten to February 22, 2002

Analysis Of Todays Consumerism Anthropology Essay

Everlasting commercialization has formed the way twenty-first century scene resembles. It makes boundless interest of stocks and shops in any conceivable vast. Retail configuration is mindful to change over this conceivable boundless into a Ëœconsumerism limitless Ëœ . It is the place individuals experience solid power to see and buy stocks. An ideal representation to demo grounds exists in way universe. There is solid indicant of tense rivalry occurs between dressing industry to win the market. Corresponding to that, the shop has become one cardinal feature or rather a solid proclamation to make exchange name cognizance among open. The request emerge is the means by which, in a similarly over-soaked market, a shop can be perchance intended to pass on solid message to pull the Ëœcrowd of commercialization Ëœ into the infinite.1.1. Commercialization TodayThe thought of devouring has changed over the past decennaries. Back to the early human civilisation time frame, the greater part of the exercises were needs-determined activities. Prior, as huntsman gatherer, human chased vitalize creatures to have the option to eat. Followed by horticultural period, farming and works development were done to deliver their supplement. Devouring was an insignificant action that must be done so as to last. In Industrial and innovative age, the way individuals expend things has changed. As progressively different product being created and various methods of appropriation being developed, there are joy components of eating up in signifier of picks. People groups discover energy in taking what they need to eat up. This prompts current commercialization where the develop of devouring goes past the requests of endurance.1.2.Shopping as Modern ConsumerismShopping is the twenty-first century Ëœs portrayal of human industrialism. People groups discover delectations encompassed by extent of various stores and exchange names. To have the option to take and looks at is the high spot of pres ent day life commercialization. In signifiers of picking, buying, and using, shopping has provided food these requests. Shopping can be viewed as in a constructive way of convey throughing individuals Ëœs requests and needs. Be that as it may, apparently, it has grown so quick, in footings of action, interminable, and stocks. What's more, over the past decennaries, it becomes significant feature in human life. Exhibition halls, libraries, airdromes, hospitals, and schools are going continuously indistinguishable from shopping. Their acknowledgment of retail for continuance has released a gigantic moving edge of business ensnarement that has changed museumgoers, inquire about laborers, voyagers, patients, and students into customers ( Koolhaas refered to in Luna, 2005, p.26 ) Shopping is apparently the most cosmopolitan movement today. The way inside decorator plan boundless needs to follow this idea each piece great. Space must be planned in such a way to suit this, to empower individuals to shop wherever, anytime.1.3.The Being of Fashion RetailFashion retail potentially is the best outline to depict the cutting edge industrialism. It shows how individuals anxiously pick what they wear under the spotlight of various way exchange names. In the event that the occasion is taken to a higher degree, it shows obviously how individuals judgments are driven by pick on the other hand of requests. High class way exchange names, for example, LMVH, Gucci, and Prada exist to work past individuals Ëœs request of vesture. They meet individuals Ëœs want for picks for extent of extravagance merchandises.1.4.Fashion of SingaporeSingapore cityscape pictures obviously the being of universal way exchange names. They, thus, has become one in number appealing power purpose of Singapore for both neighborhood costumiers and tourers. Singapore is one of the main rivalry circles for these colossal way exchange names Asia. To have the option to run into customers Ëœ request, each exchange name needs to think of top of the line structure for its retail. Plan and engineerings are streamlined in its utilization to climb the shopping experience that lead to exchange name awareness. Every one of these things must be done with the goal that individuals will take certain exchange name and non others. Plantation Road is a decent outline envisioning the opposition among these exchange names. Inside structure, veneer mediation, show engineerings are being streamlined to pull walkers along the route.2.Retail MetempsychosisPeoples discover pleasances in taking what they need. Retail has two distinct assaults because of the interest. Initially, they should have the option to gracefully an extent of stocks for customers to take. Second, the retail itself proficient to riva lry. That implies it is other than considered one of such huge numbers of picks in the market. In this issue, the retail needs to go out to the market that it is meriting picked. The exchange name, the stocks, and the shop needs to cooperate to stick out and makes solid awareness in the commercial center. Retail needs to resurrection, go forthing old traditionalist way of propelling exchange names, and making new connection among stocks and clients.2.1.Brand ManifestationWith a solid rivalry in the way advertise, a solid run of the mill picture of an exchange name is required to make open cognizance. The case is non solitary rivalry among stocks yet alongside proceeds to the earth where the stocks being advanced. At this stage, a shop has become cardinal instrument for the exchange name to make its pictures. A leader shop is intended to speaks to the independence of the exchange name so. For new customers, the shop become the primary things that pulls in them before they go more dis tant down to the stocks being offered or even before they see the window shows.2.1.1.Design for the Trade namesArchitecture and inside structure are mindful to make condition to introduce stocks to customers. Style retail, regardless of way, inclinations, or exchange name singularity, ought to have the option to make customer cognizance and energize them to come and take it on the other hand of different stores. This is the cardinal guide of retail plan before it goes down into a more profound and increasingly explicit case-based guide. On higher degree, the fashioner or inside decorator must comprehend the idea of fabric and how single way inside decorator, that is being spoken to, has their own strategy to deal with it. This by itself quality is the 1 that offers character to an exchange name. The character, along these lines, must be converted into the limitless so as to offer solid expression of the exchange name.2.1.2.Emphasizing Fictional characterIn request to be run of the m ill in a stuffed market, a solid character of the exchange name is required. This character is anticipated from the way the exchange name transport itself to the market. It comprises of extent of stocks and administration being offered, and the earth of where the business exercises take topographic point. Retail configuration must have the option to make the atmosphere that length customers and stocks. The shop goes about as a group and cover, actually and figuratively, to the exchange name. The character will simply be underlined if there is respectability between the exchange name, the product, and the shop.2.1.3.Characterizing StructureA shop as a physical asylum may be more than bounty to envelope the business action go oning under it. Be that as it may, in way universe, it goes more remote than usefulness. More than simply a topographic point to uncover the product and providing flow for individuals to walk and shop the product, the retail needs to relate itself to the product and the organization teaching. As it were, the shop needs to set up connection, in signifier and purpose, with the clothes. The physical development, that give business condition, needs to intermix in with the array and make in general uprightness. Only by this way, the customer will see the greater picture of the exchange name, and non free bits of the exchange names. One perfect delineation of agreement between exchange name and shop is appeared in Calvin Klein shop situated in Avenue Montaigne, Paris. Its shop, structured by John Pawson in 2002, made a decent delineation of how the character of the clothes - particularly the early Calvin Klein Ëœs work-has been converted into the retail interminable. ( Klein ) has said Å" It Ëœs of import non to perplex straightforwardness with uninteresting,  and executes his streamlined, refined, sportswear-based structures in luxurious common strands, ¦( Stegemeyer, 2004, p.130 ) It is the idea of effortlessness that is deliberately passed on through the exchange name, stocks, and shop. Straight lines and get endless groupings draws out the clarity of the attire, making a perfect and tricky environment of the shop. The pined for straightforwardness climate is strengthened through unoriginal shading material that is accomplished by stuffs and illuming installing.2.2.Design DifferentiationA character indication to an interminable is certainty necessities to make solid exchange name awareness. Nonetheless, independent of the exchange name that is being spoken to, way shop can be ordinary without anyone else. It is a second measure after set uping solid portrayal of the exchange name. This is about various assault from the experience side, examining the communication among stocks and customers in a favorable controlled condition. In other word, it reclassifies the way individuals shop inside a shop, making a crisp shopping experience.2.2.1.New Fashion Stores Fund amentalWith Singapore scene that has been stuffed with shopping promenades and retail shops, the innovative movement of retail shop ought to be all the more deliberately considered. At the point when the market is driven by commercialization, the pace of retail arrangement will proceed to lift up. Notwithstanding, any retail imaginative movement should see keeping away from comparative extra to the bing scene that may make impregnation to advertise. It is a plan to support the comparability and, at a similar clasp, open up a potential for success to have out in the commercial center. To go to the issues, the shop must give certain components in its plan assault in noxiousness of the exchange name it

Competitive Strategies

Competitive Strategies It is difficult for a business to survive without competitive strategies in place. This is particularly the case if the company is contending in markets overflowing with alternatives for consumers. © Shutterstock.com | alphaspiritThis article discusses the following topics 1) what is a competitive strategy?, 2) types of competitive strategies, 3) how to develop a competitive strategy, and 4) case studies.WHAT IS A  COMPETITIVE  STRATEGY?A competitive strategy may be defined as a long-term plan of action that a company devises towards achieving a competitive advantage over its competitors after examining the strengths and weaknesses of the latter and comparing them to its own. The strategy can incorporate actions to withstand the market’s competitive pressures, attract customers and assist in cementing the company’s market position.TYPES OF  COMPETITIVE  STRATEGIESClassification according to Michael PorterMichael Porter is considered a top authority on competitive strategy and the economic development and competitiveness of regions, states, and nations. Porters classification of generic competitive strategies includes differentiation, cost leadership, differentiation focus, and cost focus.DifferentiationThis strategy aims at developing a competitive advantage by way of making available and marketing a unique product or service a product or service that is different in some way to what a rival or competitor is offering. For this, you may have to spend a lot for research and development, which you may not be able to afford if yours is a small business. A successful differentiation strategy has the potential to lower price sensitivity and better brand loyalty from customers. Cost LeadershipThe intention behind a cost leadership strategy is to be a lower cost producer in comparison to your competitors. There are two traditional options for businesses to increase profits â€" decreasing costs or increasing sales. In a cost leadership strategy, the concentration is on acquiring quality raw materials at the lowest price. Business owners additionally need to use the best labor to convert these raw materials into valuable goods for the consumer. Thus, this str ategy is especially beneficial if the market is one where price is an important factor.Focus â€" Differentiation Focus and Cost FocusIf the business realizes that marketing to a homogenous customer niche would not be an effective line of action for a particular product the business is selling, it can adopt the focus strategy. This strategy involves the business tailoring its marketing endeavors and service to one or more select customer segments and excluding the other segments.There are two variants of the focus strategy. In cost focus, the aim of the business would be to have an advantage over its competitors with respect to cost in its target segment. Thus, an electronics store may have the aim of being the cheapest electronic store in a particular town but not essentially the cheapest overall. A differentiation focus strategy takes advantage of the special needs of consumers in specific segments and seeks differentiation by way of marketing its product as unique in certain respe cts. For example, a company may bring out a product specifically designed for left-handers. Classification according to Michael Treacy and Fred WiersmaMichael Treacy and Fred Wiersma are the authors of The Discipline of Market Leaders, a book published in 1995 which tells people what it takes to become a market leader and stay one. In their book, the authors describe three value disciplines or generic competitive strategies namely operational excellence, product leadership and customer intimacy. The authors’ main theory or argument is that companies should select and then achieve market leadership in any one discipline and also ensure acceptable performance in the other two.Operational ExcellenceThe objective of this strategy is to achieve cost leadership. The strategy focuses on automating work procedures and manufacturing processes so as to streamline operations and bring down costs. The approach that is adopted by such well-known names as IKEA, McDonald’s, Southwest Airlines, Walmart, and FedEx, lends itself to standardized, transaction-oriented and high-volume production that hardly requires much differentiation.Operational excellence is an ideal strategy for markets where customers prefer cost to a choice. This is frequently the situation with respect to commoditized, mature markets where cost leadership offers a medium for continued growth. Businesses that excel in this strategy have a rule-based, standardized operation and strong organizational discipline. They are also effectively centralized. Disciplines such as SCM, TQM, and Six Sigma are fostered in a volume-oriented business model. Product LeadershipThe intention behind this strategy is to develop a culture that continuously introduces superior goods to the market. Product leaders are aware that brilliance in creativity, teamwork, and problem-solving is crucial to their success. These leaders are able to accomplish first-class market prices owing to the experience they develop for their custome rs. Included among the corporate disciplines they cultivate are research portfolio management, product management, talent management, teamwork, and marketing.Product leaders work towards leveraging their expertise across organizational and geographical boundaries by achieving expertise in disciplines such as knowledge management and collaboration. Apple, BMW, Fidelity Investments, Pfizer and many other companies in the consumer electronics, automotive, fund management and pharmaceutical industries adopt a product leadership strategy.Customer IntimacyAs the term suggests, customer intimacy is about intimacy or closeness to the customer. It is about precision in segmenting and targeting markets and customizing offerings to perfectly match the demands of those markets. Companies practicing successful customer intimacy blend comprehensive customer knowledge with operational flexibility to quickly respond to practically any need, from product personalization to meeting special requests. So essentially, product development, executive functions, administrative focus and manufacturing should all be aligned around the requirements of the individual customer.The solutions that materialize from a customer intimacy strategy are rarely the cheapest or the most original for the customer but are rather considered “good enough.” Lexus, Amazon.com, IBM, and Virgin Atlantic are some examples of companies that pursue this strategy. HOW TO DEVELOP A  COMPETITIVE  STRATEGYSome questions to help you define or develop your competitive strategyWhat is the intention of your business?Purpose delineates the reason for your organization’s existence. According to management guru Peter Drucker, a business’s purpose should lie outside of itself and in society. Thus, his argument is that the only convincing definition of business purpose is to generate a customer.What are its core competencies?Recognizing these competencies of your company and leveraging them is helpful to achieve a competitive advantage. Core competencies are those organizational competencies which are either exclusive to your company or which your company carries out better than your rivals and which create a considerable cost advantage or largely contribute to customer perceived value. Organizational competencies are the functional competencies and experience a company possesses in terms of how it combines and integrates individual employee skills to accomplish outcomes. A few examples of such competencies are:Experience in putting together and programming computer managed cutting machinesExperience in the design, manufacture and testing of miniaturized solid-state electronic partsExperience in budgeting, planning and controlling costsExperience in fulfilling difficult customer delivery schedulesWhen listing out core competencies, you can include those skills that present the product characteristics, intangible features and service features that persuade your customers to buy your good or se rvice instead of that of a competitor.What is your business today?You can use your answers to previous questions to define your business. This definition of your business as it is currently will provide the focus required to make your present operations effective.What is your primary method of growth?Do you plan to grow by acquisition or internal expansion? Whichever be the method you choose; it calls for a distinctive competitive strategy. If you opt for acquisition, delineate your acquisition criteria.What are your product and market priorities?To answer this question, you can think along the lines of: which market segments are of top priority and the goods or services you offer to these niches, which specific markets and/or goods:get routine priority,are being abandoned,receive decreased effort and resources,are in the process of creation, for the future.What are your goals for the future?List your aims that delineate the outcomes you wish to accomplish. Your goals should cover a ll activity that adds to the achievement of your vision. This includes operating, financial, social and other conditions that are required to bring your vision to fruition. Decide on the indicators that you can utilize to measure goal performance. Specify the qualitative or quantitative values of those indicators that would describe goal achievement.What obstacles do you need to overcome to achieve those goals?Try to spot the major obstacles to accomplishing each of your business goals. You may notice that because obstacles or barriers are to do with system relationships or root causes, they are comparatively few. Just one barrier can hamper multiple goals. It is up to your business to overcome the considerable barriers associated with your industry’s competitive structure.Which strategic approach would you utilize to overcome those obstacles?Decide on the strategic approach you intend to adopt (offensive, defensive or guerilla) to handle the obstacles to goal achievement and the strategies you use or would use to accomplish a competitive advantage.An offensive strategy would be suitable if it is possible to overcome, neutralize or alter some chief barriers by the application of available resources.A guerilla strategy would be suitable if it is possible to eliminate, minimize or circumvent the chief barriers by reducing the scope of your operations.A defensive strategy would be suitable when neither of the above conditions is satisfied.What is the scope of your products, services, and markets?Consider what the main area of concentration of your marketing strategy is. You may want to concentrate on your current markets, or you may want to develop fresh markets. In the former case, you may have to come up with new goods or services to keep your existing markets happy. In the latter case, you would probably be increasing the penetration of your existing goods and services by taking them to new markets. If your marketing endeavors lack focus, they would only be weakened and their effectiveness decreased.How competitive intelligence helpsCompetitive intelligence involves continuously collecting and studying information about a business’s competitors, customers and industry in a legal and ethical manner so as to achieve a business edge over the competitors. As the information collection must be done lawfully, it should be taken only from publicly available sources. The intelligence gained can include the competitors’ strengths and weaknesses, their competitive strategy, their response to changes in the external environment and any new moves they would possibly make.By becoming aware of such things as what the competitors are doing or may do in future and the areas where they are weak, a business can countervail the latter’s progress by devising a suitable competitive strategy and making calculated business decisions based on the information gathered. The business would also be able to achieve a sustained competitive advantage.Competiti ve intelligence tactics can include deeply studying the rivals’ annual reports to get a clue of their plans and strategies, perusing trade journals that speak of their achievements and plans, or using various online tools to find out such things as their chief keywords and number of website visitors.CASE STUDIESHere is a look at two companies Amway and Aldi and some of the competitive strategies they adopted to take their business forward.AmwayAmway is an American company that utilizes multi-level marketing strategies to sell a range of products chiefly in the beauty, health and home care market. The company also offers a range of third-party solutions.Amway’s good utilization of market research has helped the company foretell occurrences within markets and to bring out new ideas that takes advantage of opportunities and decrease any related problems. By way of competition analysis, marketers within Amway are able to determine how well products are fulfilling customer requireme nts and which areas of competitor brands are pleasing to customers.Market development is concerned with taking existing products into totally new markets. One technique Amway adopts for market development is to widen the ways by which individuals can be associated with the Amway business. The company created a structure termed the IMC model which helps with exactly that. The letters I, M and C each represent a different kind of involvement or association.I stands for Independent Business Owners (IBOs)M stands for MembersC stands for clients of the IBOsMembers are a new kind of customer who directly deal with Amway. They are permitted to purchase products at a price comparable to that paid by IBOs. However, they do not take part in the Amway Sales and Marketing Plan.AldiAldi is a principal global supermarket chain with more than 9000 stores in more than 18 countries and a revenue of €53bn (2009). For Aldi, operating in a productive manner means reducing expenses in all aspects of t he business. Some of the chief areas where Aldi is able to keep costs low are by saving space, time, energy, and effort. Aldi’s manner of achieving this is to manage its business around the theories of lean thinking. Lean production is about getting rid of waste and therefore, utilizing fewer materials, labor, time and space which in turn decreases costs.Aldi’s focus on lean thinking means that while other food retailers have complicated displays and additional promotions and services that attract customers, Aldi’s main purpose is to deliver quality and value to its customers by being efficient and fair in all they do. Aldi passes over their savings from lean thinking to their customers so that the latter benefit from value for the money.One example of how Aldi applies a time-based management approach in its lean thinking is this. With respect to its supply chain, up to 60 percent of the supermarket chain’s vegetables and fruits are sourced locally wherever possible, thereby bringing down the need for expensive and long delivery journeys.Competition needn’t be dreaded but rather welcomed with open arms. Show your business to be extraordinary and a cut above the rest with well-thought-out competitive strategies.

Amazing American Beaver Facts

The American beaver (Castor canadensis) is one of two living species of beavers—the other species of beaver is the Eurasian beaver. The American beaver is the worlds second largest rodent, only the capybara of South America is larger. Fast Facts: Beavers Scientific Name: Castor canadensisCommon Name(s): Beaver, North American Beaver, American BeaverBasic Animal Group:  MammalSize: About 29–35 inches longWeight: 24–57 poundsLifespan: Up to 24 yearsDiet:  HerbivoreHabitat:  Wetland areas of North America outside of the California and Nevada deserts and parts of Utah and Arizona.Population:  6–12 millionConservation  Status:  Least Concern Description American beavers are stocky animals that have a compact body and short legs. They are aquatic rodents and have a number of adaptations that make them adept swimmers including webbed feet and a broad, flat tail that is covered with scales. They also have an extra set of eyelids which are transparent and close over their eyes enabling beavers to see while underwater. Beavers have a pair of glands located at the base of their tail called castor glands. These glands secrete an oil that has a distinct musk odor, making it great for use in marking territory. Beavers also use the castor oil to protect and waterproof their fur. Beavers have very large teeth in proportion to their skull. Their teeth and are super-sturdy thanks to a coating of tough enamel. This enamel is orange to chestnut brown in color. Beavers teeth grow continuously throughout their lives. As beavers chew through tree trunks and bark, their teeth get worn down, so the continuous growth of their teeth ensures they always have a sharp set of teeth available to them. To further assist them in their chewing endeavors, beavers have strong jaw muscles and significant biting strength. Stan Tekiela Author / Naturalist / Wildlife Photographer/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution American Beavers live in the riparian zone—along the edges of wetlands and bodies of fresh water including rivers, creeks, lakes, and ponds and, in some cases, in and around brackish estuaries. American beavers inhabit a range that extends throughout most of North America. The species is only absent from the northernmost regions of Canada and Alaska as well as the deserts of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Diet Beavers are herbivores. They feed on bark, leaves, twigs and other plant material which is plentiful in their native habitat. Behavior Beavers are well-known for their unusual behaviors: They use their strong teeth to fell small trees and branches which they use to build dams and lodges which have a significant impact on the path and health of waterways. Beaver dams are structures built with logs, branches, and mud. They are used to block up flowing streams to flood grasslands and forests, thus turning them into beaver-friendly habitats. In addition to providing habitat for a wide range of animals, beaver dams also reduce waterway erosion. Beavers build lodges, dome-shaped shelters made of woven sticks, branches, and grass that are plastered together with mud. Lodges can be burrows built into pond banks or mounds built in the middle of a pond. They can be up to 6.5 feet tall and 40 feet wide. These elaborate structures include an insulated, wood-lined lodge chamber and a ventilating shaft called a chimney. The entrance to a beaver lodge is located below the surface of the water. Lodges are generally built during the warmer months, during which time beavers also gather food for the winter. While they do not migrate or hibernate, they do slow down during the winter months. Reproduction and Offspring Beavers live in family units called colonies. A beaver colony commonly includes as many as eight individuals including a monogamous breeding pair, newborn kits, and yearlings (kits from the prior season). Members of the colony establish and defend a home territory. Beavers reproduce sexually. They reach sexual maturity at about three years of age. Beavers breed in January or February and their gestation period is 107 days. Typically, three or four beaver kits are born in the same litter. Young beavers are weaned at about two months of age. Zoran Kolundzija/Getty Images Conservation Status Beavers are considered to be of Least Concern, meaning that there is a large, thriving population of beavers in North America. This has not always been the case; in fact, beavers were overhunted for many years and beaver fur was the basis of many large fortunes. More recently, however, protections were put in place which allowed beavers to re-establish their population. Beavers and Humans Beavers are a protected species, but their behaviors can make them a nuisance in some settings. Beaver dams can cause flooding to roads and fields, or block the flow of waterways and the fish that swim in them. On the other hand, beaver dams are also important for controlling erosion and runoff during storms. Sources â€Å"Beaver.†Ã‚  Smithsonians National Zoo, 23 Nov. 2018, nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/beaver.Sartore, Joel. â€Å"Beaver.†Ã‚  National Geographic, 21 Sept. 2018, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/b/beaver/.

Communication Apprehension Essay - 2931 Words

To function effectively in today’s society people must communicate with one another. Yet for some individuals communication experiences are so unrewarding that they either consciously or unconsciously avoid situations where communication is required. (McCroskey Richmond, 1979) The term ‘communication apprehension’ was coined by James McCroskey (1976a) and is defined as â€Å"an individual’s level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons† (McCroskey, 1984). In the last two decades communication apprehension and related constructs, such as reticence and unwillingness to communicate, have received extensive research and theoretical attention by scholars in communication and†¦show more content†¦This construct was an attempt to look beyond the concepts of CA and reticence (as it was perceived at the time) and along with fear and anxiety, considers low self esteem, introversion, a nomia and alienation. â€Å"Thus this construct can be viewed as intermediary between CA and the contemporary view of reticence. More simply, reticence is concerned with people who do not communicate effectively; unwillingness-to-communicate is concerned with one of the reasons that people may not do so (i.e., they do not want to); and, [although it is highly associated with ineffective communication], CA is concerned with one of the reasons that people may be unwilling-to-communicate.† (McCroskey, 1982, p.4) Types of Communication Apprehension A person may be apprehensive in one situation but not in another. Additionally, as communication does not confine itself to just talk, a person may, for example, be apprehensive about communicating by engaging in talk but feel quite comfortable about writing. McCroskey Richmond (1987) identify four types of communication apprehension: traitlike, context based, receiver based, and situational. Traitlike CA concerns mainly oral communication and refers to a relatively stable and enduring predisposition of an individual towards experiencing fear and/or anxiety across a wide range of communication contexts. Context basedShow MoreRelatedCommunication Apprehension and Social Change1547 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of communication apprehension is extremely broad, and the topic of social change is just as broad, if not more so. When the two topics are combined, it is a chance to twist the elements and take a deeper look into how they coincide. It is e vident through research, as well as a commonly shared idea, that communication apprehension has decreased and decreases authentic self-expression in most cases. Communication researchers, as well as psychology researchers, have put in long, hard hoursRead MoreCommunication Apprehension And Learning Styles1837 Words   |  8 Pagesresearch I came across an article written by Dr. Travis L. Russ professor of Communications and Media Management at Fordham University in New York about communication apprehension and learning styles. In this article Dr. Russ says that there is a coloration between people with high communication apprehension and learning better from reflective work and thinking, while people with a lower amount of communication apprehension prefer to do direct experiments (Russ, 2012). When I share things that I amRead MoreDifference Between Nervousness And Communication Apprehension882 Words   |  4 PagesKnowledge What is the difference between nervousness and communication apprehension? Communication apprehension can be defined as an individual’s fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others, while nervousness before a speech is simply the feeling you get when your body produces more adrenaline due to your anticipated performance. 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Since I have an interest in ancient history and have always held an appreciation for museums my chosen career is museum curatorship which will have several forms of necessary communication, however, I have chosen to focus o n three specific areas. Firstly, professional communication, secondly techniques to overcome communication barriers (cognitive restructuring and systematic desensitisation) and thirdly, communication techniquesRead MoreEffective Communication Practices1178 Words   |  5 PagesEffective Communication Practices Communication is defined as â€Å"the transfer and understanding of meaning† (Robbins Judge, 2013) and is the foundation of every relationship. There are four main reasons for communication in business. They are to control, motivation, emotional expression and information (Robbins Judge, 2013). Without effective communication the sharing of ideas, information, feelings and questions cannot be completed. There is a process to communication and when the process is brokenRead MoreThe Uncertainty Reduction Theory Of Uncertainty1395 Words   |  6 Pagesas strangers engage in their first conversation when communication uncertainties are bound to occur. When strangers encounter for the first time, they are worried about the increasing certainty to make sense of their first communication occurrence even before the actual communication process takes place. When strangers have a first-time occurrence of communicating, their conversation is just trying to make sense of their initial communication occurrence. Berger and Calabrese (1975) studied theRead MoreCommunication Is The Key Important Skills That A Person Can Possess1280 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is undoubtedly one of the most important skills that a person can possess. Interpersonal communication is the way we express our thoughts, feelings, and ideas to the people around us. Interpersonal communication is something you need to do well as it affects many aspects of your life. It is also a learned skill that can be improved with knowledge, self awareness and practice. In order to be a good communicator we must continually analyze our level of interpersonal communication competenceRead MoreLDR 531 Week 3 Quiz Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesthe employees in the marketing department. Which of the following is most likely to be the best form of communication for communicating this plan? Oral communication Grapevine communication Written communication Nonverbal communication 5 The ________ view of conflict focuses on productive resolution of conflicts. transactional managed interactionist rational 6 The informal communication network in an organization is determined by organization based on clear and factual information characterizedRead MoreConcepts of Communication 1138 Words   |  5 Pageswith our purpose whatever it might be. We all have our own communication style, way to listen, communication apprehension, and our way to resolve conflict. Therefore, I will elaborate in those concepts with my own personal experience and understanding about them. There are four different styles of communication private, dominant, sociable, and open. After taking a style survey I was surprise to know I belong to the open style communication. Open style is a person that response back other’s messages

The title of the painting Adoration of the Shepherds Free Essays

The work is about the joyous celebration of the shepherds upon seeing Jesus, the hailed messiah. It was finished in 1672 by the Italian painter Baciccio. Italians are famous for their passion for painting, and for living their art. We will write a custom essay sample on The title of the painting: Adoration of the Shepherds or any similar topic only for you Order Now This painting of his is approximately 10 11/16 x 8 3/8 inches in size. It is drawn using pen and brown ink, black chalk, washed with brown, and with white bodycolor. (www.getty.edu) Baciccio, whose real name is Giovanni Battista Gaulli and is also called Il Baciccio and Baciccia, was born in Genoa, Italy on the 8th of May 1639. After his parents died of a plague, he became an apprentice of Luciano Borzone and Gianlorenzo Bernini, two renowned painters of his time. Baciccio also saw Correggio’s works, which influenced his illusionism and the gentleness of his pictures. He afterwards became very known for his vault wall painting in the Gesu church of Rome. (wikipedia.com) The Adoration of the Shepherds can be considered a relief sculpture because it bears and combines essential symbols, and it depends on its surface. Here, Baciccio made very much use of the power of lighting and shadowing effects. In the drawing, the only source of light is exuding from the baby, illuminating the faces of the crowd around him and casting dark shadows of the shepherds. This technique of creating pictures wherein light pierces darkness is dubbed as the Art of Nocturnal Light. In this art, the source of the light is something divine, artificial, natural, or has held figurative relations beyond its common role. The nocturnal light – which can be candlelight to add intimacy, fire to symbolize power, or moonlight for landscapes – is intended to enhance the drama of the spiritual sight. (www.getty.edu) Baciccio also used free lines to give the picture a vibrant look, and to exalt the religious subject matter. It attracts viewers to witness the story of the appearance of angels to the shepherds to proclamation the good news of Christ’s birth to them, and the shepherds’ journey to Bethlehem to see the infant lying in a manger. (Luke 2:8-20, NKJV) In the scene, the shepherds look at Jesus at his birthplace in Bethlehem. The birthplace is often in the form of a barn or manger. The angels are praising and saying, â€Å"Glory to God in the highest, and on earth, goodwill to men!† This speech became the first lines of the Gloria, the doxology that is traditionally sang in Christian masses. I would not prefer to include this work in my personal collection. The arrangement of the elements is somewhat in a mess. Looking at it, I did not know where to look at first. Some may have also experienced the same difficulty. Hence, peace and comfort is not extended to the viewer, and the viewer is not drawn into the picture. Moreover, the scene is supposed to be joyous, but the picture depicts not one indicator of delight. Its lack of appeal and colorfulness does not invite spectators. One might see it, look at it shortly, and then continue on walking. Because of its monochrome, it might not even be noticed. If I were to put a work in my personal collection, I prefer something catchy, or colorful enough so as to be catchy. How to cite The title of the painting: Adoration of the Shepherds, Papers

Henry Viii Analysis Essay Example For Students

Henry Viii Analysis Essay subject = Historytitle = Henry VIIIpapers = On June 28, 1941 Henry the VIII of England was born. This young man will form his own church. He will succeed to the throne in 1509. He will also marry six women! Something good will happen when he is king, he will unite England and Wales and will also do some bad things like executing people who would not follow his rules. In 1539, the Act of Supremacy declared Henry to be the head of the Church of England. King Henry the VIII of England had a good side and a bad side. Though popular with the people of England and also very talented he had many bad times and many good times for himself. Henry was not only selfish but, also handsome and had a hearty personality, he was also a gifted scholar, linguist, composer, and a musician. He was talented at many sportsand was also good with the ladies. Henry was the second son and the third child of his father. Henry the VIII died in 1509, the only reason Henry would become king is because of his broth ers, Arthur, death in April of 1502. Soon after that, Henry would marry his first wife, his brother (Arthurs) widow, Catherine of Aragon. Many wifes would follow after her. During most of his early reign, Henry relied on Thomas Cardinal Wosley to do much of the political and religious activities. Henry soon gottired of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, so he decides that he doesnt want to be married to her anymore, so he tells Thomas Wosley to talk to thepope so he can divorce Catherine. But, Cardinal Wosley wasnt able to convince the pope, so in 1529 Henry took Wosleys authority away from him. Henry then appointed Sir Thomas More. Henry then got that divorce through Thomas Cramner, that he wanted with Catherine of Aragon and then marriedAnne Boleyn. Cramner now the Arch Bishop of Canterbury, made Henrys marriage with Catherine void and his marriage with Anne valid. This made the Pope furious. So in 1534, King Henry had the parliament pass a law saying that the king, not the pope, would from now on be the supreme head of the Church of England. Since Henry was now in charge of the Church , he was going to make some changes. He had all the bibles translated into English. He then had all the people take an oath for this law. But Sir Thomas More and, then Cardinal, John Fisher wouldnt accept the religious supremacy of the English monarch, so they were then executed. These changes gradually led to the formation of the Church of England. In 1536, Henry accused his second wife, Anne Boleyn of adultery, so Henry then executed her. A few days after that, he married a young woman by the name of Jane Seymour. Jane Seymour, Henrys third wife, was the mother of Henrys only legitimate son, Jane Seymour died after bearing this certain child. Edward the VI was Henrys only legitimate son. A couple of years after Jane Seymour had died, Henry decided to marry once again. He married a german princess by the name of Anne of Cleaves. In 1540, Henry was told that Anne of Cleaves was a beautiful and pretty young woman. Sothen, when Henry finally saw her he thought she was really ugly. So he then divorced Anne of Cleaves and then beheaded Thomas Cromwell for having tricked him. Being unloyal to God as much as Henry possibly could, he made the decision to marry his fifth wife by the name of Catherine Howard. Catherine Howard was then summarily executed in 1542 for being unchasteprior to marriage with Henry the VIII and for committing ad ultery. Henry had only one more wife to go, in 1543 Henry married his sixth and final wife, Catherine Parr. Catherine then survived Henry and then lived on to marry fourth husband. In 1536, during Henry the VIIIs reign, England and Wales were finallyunited as one country. During the 1280s, after Edward the I had conqueredWales, the Welsh people had revolted several times against the English people, due to Edwards conquer. But, the Welsh people finally accepted the idea of unity with the English people. In the acts of 1536 and 1543, Henry joined both Wales and England under one system of government. When Ireland was made a nation or kingdom in 1541, King Henry then became the king of Ireland. Henry now the king, had many wars with Scotland and France, during 1542 King Henrys troops defeated the Scots at Solway Moss. In 1544, Henrys troops also captured Boulogne-sun-Mer from the French, and then a peace treaty was made when Henry received an indemnity from France in 1546. Henrys wars with Scotland remained indecisive inspite of some small victories. Though he opposed the Reformation, his very own creation of a national church started the real beginning of the English Reformation. On January 28 1547, Henry the VIII of England died in the cityof London. Henry was buried in Saint Georges Chapel in the famous Windsor Castle. During the reign of Edward the VI, Henry the VIIIs onlylegitimate son, the parliament passed many more church reforms. But, then in 1553, Edwards half sister, Mary, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon was a Roman Catholic, she reestablished Catholicism as the state religion. .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .postImageUrl , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:hover , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:visited , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:active { border:0!important; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:active , .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22 .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6481bc1f6c7bd03d81885673a9f7bc22:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frederick Douglass EssayEven though Henry altered the Church, he did not even wish to introduce Protestant doctrine. Those people who refused to accept the Church of England and its teachings were executed. The only important religious changes made during his reign were the licensing of an English translation of the Bible, the issuance of Cramners litany and the translation of English of certain parts of the traditional service. In conclusion, Henry the VIII of England was not only a talented fellow and a rich one at that. But, he was also disloyal to God and made many mistakes at that. Making the Church of England was probably his greatest achievement as the King of England. Forcing people to follow a certain religion and do what he told them to do was one of his lowest achievements. Henry the VIII was not only selfish, wealthy man but a horrible ruler and a big sinner.

The Religion Of Jainism Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Religion Of Jainism Essay, Research Paper The Religion of Jainism Jainism is an Indian faith. This faith has its historical beginnings in the same part of northern India as Buddhism. Jina or Victor who is the leader of the motion was a # 8220 ; coeval of the Buddha # 8221 ; ( Smart 277 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Religion Of Jainism Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The instructions of Jainism were transmitted orally. The Jain faith split into two religious orders one being the Digamabaras and the other being the Svetambaras. The Digambaras religious order is besides known as the # 8216 ; Sky Clad # 8217 ; the monastics in this sect pattern nakedness as a mark of complete rejection of ownerships. The other religious order Svetambaras besides known as the # 8216 ; White Clad # 8217 ; and they think that the transmittal of unwritten instructions has become corrupt. Jainism besides developed a philosophical literature. Harmonizing to the Jain theory they believe that they need to hang on to the memories and patterns of the yesteryear. There philosophical philosophy is # 8220 ; rich and elusive # 8221 ; and there are two chief facets of this faith ( 277 ) . The first is a strong accent on non-injury to all life animals and the 2nd would be the great vows that they undertake. There are a few cardinal thoughts to Jainism. The first 1 is the being of many psyches. Second there is the world of the universe. Following there is the operation of karma. Finally there is a demand to take duty for your actions and there is besides a possibility of release ( 283 ) . There is a short supplication that is used by laic individuals to show their devotedness to give up everything and come in the province of being a monastic or a nun. The supplication provinces: # 8221 ; Ceasing of illfare, ceasing of karmic effects, decease in brooding enchantment, deriving enlightenment: Let these be mine, friend of the whole existence, vanquisher for I have come for safety in your path. # 8221 ; ( 284 ) . Jain temples are typical in two ways. First the innermost shrine is an image of Tirthankara. The temple is besides marked with a cardinal Jain symbol, which is a Hakenkreuz. This Hakenkreuz is surmounted by three points and half a Moon. All of these have significance. The four weap onries of the swastika represent the four degrees of life. First there are those who are born in one of the seven snake pits, so there are those born as workss, animate beings, or insects. Next there are those who are born as worlds, and eventually there are those who are born as godly existences. The three points represent the three gems and the half Moon represents release ( Smith 545 ) . Their community is focused on signifiers of cloistered life, which is supported by laymans. Monks an vitamin D nuns take five vows and pattern three gems. The first is the right of belief, second the right cognition, and eventually right behavior. Monks adopt a mobile manner of life and the lone clip of the twelvemonth that they retire is during the rainy season. The ground that they retire during this clip of the twelvemonth is to avoid wounding any of the little animals that swarm in the clay. Every twelvemonth the monastics and the nuns of this faith spend portion of their lives in a retreat together. This retreat is normally during the rainy season and during this clip they are given many different regulations to populate by. First they are non to talk any rough words after they arrive at the retreat and if they fail to make this they will be excluded from the retreat. They are besides non allowed to go engaged in a difference and if one occurs they are required to inquire for forgiveness from the superior. Finally they are non allowed to go for more than four or five conference s before they have to return to the retreat site ( Smart 285 ) . The faith of Jainism besides believes in higher speculation. This high or pure speculation is said to be the accomplishment of a individual who has become a liberated one. In this speculation the first thing that must be done is to halt of the full head so the organic structure and so eventually they must halt external respiration. During the needed clip of this pure speculation they destroy the four leftovers of karma # 8211 ; # 8221 ; finding hurting and pleasance, life span, fate and environment # 8221 ; ( 286 ) . After this the psyche takes the signifier of a consecutive line. One of the chief ethical values to Jainism is the belief no injury should be done to any life being. They are non to kill anything and this leads to Nirvana, which consists in peace. They are besides non supposed to make injury to anyone by word Acts of the Apostless or ideas ( 287 ) . Finally there are five vows that they are said to be the footing for an ideal life for the ballad individual to draw a bead on to and for the monastics and nuns to populate by. The first vow being to abdicate all killing to all living existences. The 2nd is to abdicate all ideas of address that contains any choler or greed and neer speak prevarications. The 3rd is to non take anything that is non given. They are non to take anything whether they are in a small town or in the forests. The Forth being to give up all sexual pleasances with either Gods work forces or animate beings. Finally the fifth vow is to abdicate all fond regards whether they be large or little ( 289 ) . These are the chief vows for the monastics and nuns to populate by in the faith of Jainism.

Louis XIV Essays

Louis XIV Essays Louis XIV Paper Louis XIV Paper Louis XIV was known as one of the greatest Kings of France.Louis XIV ruled as an absolute monarch.He was a great patron of the arts in France. He is responsible for many elegant buildings in France and especially Paris.He was also involved in many wars throughout his reign of France. The reign of Louis XIV lasted an astounding length of seventy-two years.Louis XIV was born on September 16,1638.His reign started when he was only four years old when his father Louis XIII died on May 14, 1643.Louis XIV chose the sun as his emblem.The sun was associated with Apollo, god of peace and arts, and was also a heavenly body that gave life to all things.Like Apollo, Louis XIV brought peace and was a patron of the arts. Louis XIVs father Louis XIII ruled with Cardinal Richelieu, who served as First Minister.When Louis XIII died Cardinal Richelieu also died shortly after the Kings death.Richelieus successor, Cardinal Mazarin, governed the country until Louis XIV grew up.He always wanted to be able to rule alone.So when hisfirst Minister Mazarin died, he decided against ruling with a First Minister.Only a limited share of power was allowed to the able comptroller general of finances, Jean Baptiste Colbert.Colbert believed in an active economic role for the State, he promoted manufacturing and commerce, built up the navy, and developed the French colonies overseas. Louis XIV was not highly liked among the people of France.Previously the kings of France had lived rather close to their people, traveling about a good deal, in war or peace, visiting towns and their poorer subjects.When Louis XIV became a deity, the people bowed down, but felt that the king no longer belonged to them.The French, however, only really love what belongs to them.Louis XIV held a very strict court.He forced all the nobles to live with him at the Palace of Versailles.

About an American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About an American History - Assignment Example the course of war and from isolationism to intervention, US role remained strategic in nature which finally decided the fate of the War at the broader scale. The pre-war era in US was that of the great depression and the economic chaos with FDR working towards turning the tide of economy of the country. However, the global developments at that time attracted the attention of US and the changes in the overall political ideology in countries like Germany, Italy and Japan made a compelling case for US to actually seriously reconsider its role in global politics. (Tindall and Shi) The emergence of Hitler as a global force and the changing political balance in favor of totalitarianism as well as racism and fascist tendencies along with a completely new threat in the shape of Communist Russia forced US to reconsider its role in the war and enter into it to tilt the balance towards allies. It is therefore critical to understand that US role in the Second World War gradually evolved over the period of time. The fall of France and the emerging Britain position after the fall of Paris actually created global crisis which forced US to actually play a decisive role in the war and play its part to further bolster the allies in their war against Hitler and other fascist and communist ideologies of that time. (Zinn) However, one of the key reasons as to why US entered into the war was the attacks of Hitler on Jews. With US having significant Jews population, was affected by the way different regimes were actually involved in the overall exploitation and killing of Jews. However, once US entered into the War, its role flourished and it ended up attacking the Japan also to avenge the attacks on the Pearl Harbor and become the deciding factor in the overall World War II drama. It has remained US policy to act as a neutral force in first as well as the Second World War however, as the overall political dimensions of war changed; US reconsidered its role in both wars and became

Cause and Effect Essay of diabetes Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cause and Effect of diabetes - Essay Example ts in insulin secretion, insulin action or both, which translates to long term damage and dysfunction of various organs of the body (Nayak and Roberts). Within the pancreas, the Islets of Langerhans are responsible for secretion of insulin, which acts to regulate of blood glucose levels. In persons with diabetes, normal insulin function is impaired where it can be produced in insufficient quantities or is produced defectively. This further classifies diabetes mellitus into Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 3-5% of all diabetes in the world and is more common in children and young adults but can occur at any age (International Diabetes Federation 6). Type 1 diabetes presents as an autoimmune disease where insulin producing cells within the pancreas are destroyed, and the patients are always dependent on insulin injections for survival. The destruction of Islets of Langerhans within the pancreas impair the ability to produce insulin adequately thus affecting the process of glucose regulation negatively. Such destruction may be facilitated by the presence of external factors such as viral infections, which may alter the orientation of the host immune system. On the hand, Type 2 diabetes accounts for about 90% of all diabetes cases globally, occurring among the middle-aged and older people. In this condition, the body either does not make enough insulin or does not respond well as it ought to the insulin produced and can be controlled by keeping blood glucose levels within the range through diet and exercises. In this regard, Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, which implies that the body cannot effectively utilize the insulin produced no matter its quantity. As a result, glucose cannot be transported from the blood to the cells, which encourages excess blood glucose, which makes it difficult for the body to maintain normal glucose levels in the blood. Obesity, which is associated with insulin resistance, has been described

High DUI Rates in America: An Evaluation

High DUI Rates in America: An Evaluation America’s Ludicrously High DUI Rate Joshuah Rauch Careful examination of America’s DUI rate leads to pitiful statistics. The decrease over the last 30 years fails to be enough. Increased public education falls short of elaborate acquittal paths criminal defense attorneys, who specialize in intoxicated driving, are afforded by the judicial system. The embarrassing rates speak for themselves. According to the CDC, 112 million drunk driving incidents occur each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2011). America’s DUI Rate is one the highest worldwide, despite increased laws and education, due to the loopholes in the court system and highly trained criminal defense attorneys. To appreciate how frequently people operate a vehicle while impaired, the legal limits for the United States need to be addressed. All States except Michigan have a Blood Alcohol Concentration Limit (BAC) of 0.08 (Progressive Insurance Company , 2004). Compared to different countries, the United States has a very high BAC. For example, Sweden, Poland, Norway, and Greece have a BAC of 0.02 while Turkey, Thailand, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Peru, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Italy, China, Denmark, France, Finland, Austria, Australia, Argentina, Venezuela, and the Philippines have a BAC of 0.05 (Brown-Forman, 2010). Countries such as Romania, Russia, Nepal, Hungary, Armenia, Columbia, Ethiopia, Brazil, and the Czech Republic have a zero tolerance policy, thus yielding a BAC of 0 (Brown-Forman, 2010). At a BAC level of just 0.03 a person starts to experience increased talking, excitement, and reaction time; while simultaneously experiencing decreased attention, judgment, and inhibition. It is easy to see why that in the United States, pilots are prohibited from flying any aircraft if alcohol has been consumed in the last 8 hours or if the pilot’s BAC is a 0.04, half the legal limit for operating a vehicle (Federal Aviation Regulations, 2005). The catch phrase â€Å"If you drink, don’t drive† is also easily understood because the early effects on the body are apparent after a BAC of much less than the United States legal limit. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) was founded on September 5, 1980 by Candy Lightner when her daughter Cari was killed by a drunk driver. According to the MADD website, its mission statement â€Å"provides grass roots leadership to create major social change in the attitude and behavior of Americans toward drunk driving† (MADD, 2014). Few would argue that MADD has been the driving force in increased legislation against drunk driving and also improved education regarding the effects of driving under the influence. Raising the minimum drinking age to 21, educating parents on the importance of keeping their children alcohol free through the Power of Parents, partnering with the national football league through game day initiatives, working with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration on â€Å"Driver Sober or Get Pulled Over† and providing no cost victim and survivor services are some of the successful endeavors that MADD has undertaken to combat drunk driving in America (MADD, 2014). Not that long ago, 25,000 was the average number of people killed each year, and this number is now down to about half of that with the current rate falling between 10,000 and 11,000. In 1949, when Margaret Mitchell, famous for writing Gone With The Wind, was killed by a drunk driver with an extensive drunk driving record, the prevailing attitude of the public was in favor of the driver (NPR, 2011). MADD has certainly been successful in dropping the rate of DUI deaths and aiding in shifting the public’s opinion of the victims who are injured or killed. In South Carolina, the Sober or Slammer crackdown sought to greatly decrease and hopefully eliminate vehicle related accidents and deaths cause by drunk driving. Numerous state-wide checkpoints, manned by law enforcement, with the goal of catching people driving under the influence were put into place. The cell phone initiative, *HP, was also put into place to aid law enforcement by giving fellow drivers a quick way to notify authorities of a potential drunk driver. TV ads and radio commercials, combined with billboards and portable message boards, educated the public about the campaign. With the number one cause of vehicle accidents resulting in fatalities involving drunk driving, the campaign saw success with a decrease of 100 less deaths from driving under the influence (South Carolina Department of Public Safety , 2013). While this initially may seem like an effective decrease, further investigation gives way to websites such as DUIBlock.com that list where law enforcement will b e conducting â€Å"random† checkpoints. A person can pay a yearly fee to have text alerts sent to them in real time as checkpoints are added or discovered. While the website states that there are not trying to help people who are drinking avoid the checkpoints, the ads on the page include links to DUI attorneys. It is hard to imagine why an individual would need to know where DUI checkpoints are if not driving under the influence, or at least slightly intoxicated (DUI Block, 2008-2014) Practicing as a DUI attorney is quite lucrative. A quick drive down the highway or a flip through the yellow pages leads to a vast list of available options. The average cost of a DUI attorney is 2,500 dollars for the first offense (Esurance , 2014). A look at the first number addressed, 112 million annual drunk driving incidents, demonstrates the amount of available business to DUI attorneys. A newspaper article from July of 2013 in Los Angeles, California, addresses the loopholes in the law. The importance of a DUI defense lawyer is stressed and the phrase, â€Å"A skillful Los Angeles DUI attorney will review your case and look for even the slightest misstep by the arresting officer, in an effort to successfully resolve your pending DUI case† (Marketwired, 2013). There is no doubt after reading the article that the primary purpose of the DUI attorney is to find a technicality in which to exonerate the arrested party. Considering the CDC statistic is based upon actual guilty verdicts, the real rate of drunk drivers in America is much higher than the reported yearly rate of 112 million. Not all states, however, are like California. South Dakota for example has a very strict DUI requirement. While previously boasting one of the worst DUI rates in America, the new conditions leave no room for grace. Repeat offenders are denied the right to even consume alcohol. This policy is called â€Å"South Dakota’s 24/7 Sobriety Program.† By testing individuals twice a day (by a breathalyzer), requiring ankle bracelets that detect alcohol use (to be worn at all times) twice a week urine tests and sweat patches that are worn and subsequently sent in, South Dakota has decreased its DUI rate by 33 percent. An additional bonus to the tax payers of South Dakota is these tests must be paid for by the guilty party (South Dakota DUI Program worth a look, 2013). Each breathalyzer test cost the individual one dollar, while the urine tests are five dollars; charging the guilty party a minimum of twenty-four dollars a week. The 24/7 Sobriety Program received a national CSG Inno vations Award following the incredible results (Chavers, 2008). Not all states are quick to adopt South Dakota’s strict DUI laws. Another example of a state offering an article in the newspaper detailing how to get out of a DUI is Massachusetts. According to the article entitled Survive A DUI, Massachusetts offers several ways to keep your driver’s license. A 30 day grace period, a work only license and an ignition interlock are options offenders have in order to keep driving even after a DUI. Although a letter from the guilty party’s employer is required before a restricted license is given, the typical 48 hour jail sentence is allowed to be conducted at night or on the weekend (Meurrow, 2007). It comes as no surprise that several states are not eager to change to such strict rules as South Dakota, especially when law enforcement individuals are guilty. Take for instance Alaska’s own David Carlson. Although he is an Assistant District Attorney in Fairbanks, he was arrested twice in February 2010 alone for DUI. Elsewhere in Anchorage, Alaska, Supreme Court Judge Patrick McKay, was found guilty for DUI. Since even the people who are supposed to uphold the law find a DUI is acceptable, there is no wonder why Alaska has an extensive issue with drunk driving (In Case You Havent Heard , 2010). In Iowa, another state with a rather high DUI rate, 30 percent of high school students admit to driving a vehicle while either drunk or high while 35 percent admit to riding in a vehicle with a driver known to be drunk or high (Schootman, 1993). Law enforcement and teenagers are not the only ones driving drunk. Josh Brent, a defensive lineman for the Dallas Cowboys, drove drunk and killed fellow player Jerry Brown. The suspension he faced of the first 10 games was seen as a â€Å"little severe† by many fans and even Cowboy owner Jerry Jones. Other notable football stars who have been involved in fatal drunk driving accidents are Donte Stallwoth and Leonard Little. All three of these players were back to playing football within a year. Apparently, killing another person while intoxicated is easily overlooked when the money made as a NFL star can buy a fabulous attorney who can navigate through the individual case and find a technicality to bring a dismissal of the charges (Smith, 2014). The loopholes attorneys use include a distinctive vision test. The case of Robert Perkins, who had a blood alcohol level of .17 and five prior DUI convictions when he killed Cornell Royston, is simply disgusting. Perkins’ lawyer, Jane Gorte, was able to find an optometrist to evaluate his contact lenses and contrast sensitivity. Because the doctor determined his contacts were old and therefore affected his contrast sensitivity, his charges were decreased despite the fact he killed a man while having over twice the legal limit (Moss, 1987). California DUI attorney Lawrence Taylor is interested in training fellow colleagues in the art of DUI defense. Alabama boasts an organization called the National College for DUI Defense, which specializes in training lawyers on how to effectively contest DUI evidence offered by law enforcement. Imagine a police officer, who once arrested drunk drivers, turned attorney who now spends his days representing suspects. New Hampshire lawyer Bruce Dorner is just this man. After learning the intricacies involved, he now offers training on overcoming a DUI. He even promotes a driver’s license that would allow an individuals to have driving privileges to a job. Advice such as immediately asking for a lawyer and refusing to answer questions are some of the tips given by DUI lawyers. They also advise that unless there is a penalty for refusing a field sobriety test, do not take one. Refusing a blood alcohol test is also a tip given, since the breathalyzer test is easier to dispute. Law enforcement individuals who forget to ask suspects if they have a physical problem affecting or preventing completion of a field sobriety test such as diabetes, acid reflux medicine, cancer, or even if ethanol enhanced gasoline was recently used, can rest assured a DUI lawyer will have the evidence thrown out (Tebo, 2005). Mothers Against Drunk Driving has certainly seen success in setting a national drinking age, exposing the true victims of drunk driving, and decreasing yearly fatalities of alcohol induced vehicular accidents. A few states such as South Carolina and South Dakota have implemented programs that have lowered the DUI rate, while most other states continue to have far too many DUI incidents. America features one of the highest worldwide blood alcohol concentration limits, yet continues to see exorbitant rates of drunk driving events. Considering every impaired driver is not caught, the rates are pathetically higher. As long as law-makers, sport stars, and the Average Joe continue getting away with driving intoxicated due to the flawed judicial system, money hungry lawyers will continue to profit from the travesty responsible for over 300 thousand accidents and 30 deaths each day in America. Bibliography Brown-Forman. (2010, December). Brown-Forman Our Thinking ABout Drinking. Retrieved from Our Thinking About Drinking: http://ourthinkingaboutdrinking.com/uploadedImages/Categories/Drinking_and_Driving/BLOOD-ALCOHOL-CONCENTRATION-(BAC)-LIMITS-WORLDWIDE.png Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2011, October 4). CDC Online Newsroom Press Release: October 4, 2011 . Retrieved from CDC Web Site : http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2011/p1004_drinking_driving.html Chavers, M. (2008). South Dakota DUI Offenders Get Sober . State News (Council of State Goverments) , pp. 51(10),27. DUI Block. (2008-2014). Find Local DUI Checkpoints . Retrieved from DUIBlock.com: http://www.duiblock.com/ Esurance . (2014). Esurance- The True Cost of a DUI. Retrieved from esurance.com: http://www.esurance.com/violations/true-cost-of-dui Federal Aviation Regulations. (2005, June 12). Alcohol and its effect on pilots . Retrieved from Flight Physical : http://flightphysical.com/pilot/alcohol.htm In Case You Havent Heard . (2010, March 22). Alcoholism Drug Abuse Weekly. MADD. (2014). Madd Mission Statement . Retrieved from MADD: http://www.madd.org/about-us/mission/ Marketwired. (2013, July 2). The Yearly July 4 DUI Rally . Meurrow, L. (2007, January/February ). Survive a DUI. Mens Health , pp. 22(1),112. Moss, D. C. (1987, May ). New DUI Defenses . ABA Journal . NPR, S. (2011, November 17). U.S. Behind The Curve In Drunk Driving. Retrieved from NPR: http://www.npr.org/2011/11/17/142462512/u-s-behind-the-curve-in-drunk-driving-author-finds Progressive Insurance Company . (2004, July). Drunk Driving, BAC, State BAC Limits, Vehicle Resources . Retrieved from Progressive Web Site : http://www.progressive.com/vehicle-resources/blood-alcohol-calculator/ Schootman, M. (1993). Safety Behavior Among Iowa Junio HIgh and High school Students. American Journal of Public Health . Smith, M. D. (2014, September 5). Jerry Jones: Josh Brent was Suspended . Retrieved from NBC Sports . South Carolina Department of Public Safety . (2013, December 13). Retrieved from Sober or Slammer: http://www.scdps.gov/oea/nr2013/121213.html South Dakota DUI Program worth a look. (2013, May 23). The Wyoming Tribune-Eagle. Tebo, M. G. (2005, February). New Test for DUI Defense . ABA Journal .

Hamlet Feminist Criticism

This lack of prior knowledge of her being allows the reader to question the importance of her history. The question of the importance of her life is delegated and her current presence Is the only one that matters for the existence of the play. This shows the negative portrayal already to be brought about because of her underdeveloped, backbreaking. Sometimes words are needed in defense, for no words can be Just as negative. â€Å"Frailty; thy name Is woman. Is one of the most impacting quotes In the whole play.It directly states of the nature in which the feminine world is to be perceived. Woman, according to the time, were supposed to be mentally unstable, and fully dependent on their male spouse. This was no better exemplified than In Hamlet. Aphelia, after having taken orders from her father her whole life, his death made her go mad. She was then no longer able to function, ultimately resulting in her death. Gertrude, Hamlet's mother, quickly re-married to be supported by her lat e husband's brother. This shows her weakness to be successful without a partner and lack of self- assurance.Aphelion's specific death, that by drowning, can be linked directly with being a woman. â€Å"In his discussion of the ‘Aphelia complex,' the phenomenology's Gaston Bachelor traces the symbolic connections between women, water, and death. Drowning, he suggests, becomes the truly friendly death In the dramas of literature and life, one which is a beautiful immersion and submersion in the female element. Water is the profound and organic symbol of the liquid woman whose eyes are so easily drowned in tears, as her body is the repository of blood, amniotic fluid, and milk. Aphelion's brother Alerts states that he has once again became man after crying tears. Tears which are liquid, liquid being feminine, and friendly being weakness. The idea of women being signs of sexuality has been present for thousands of years. Aphelia is especially known for this, being a woman constan tly entangled within flowers and white linens. The scene In which Aphelia becomes mad, passing out flowers to those around can be contrived as symbolism for, â€Å"deflowering† herself.She publicly has humiliated herself, her family, and the female name for her actions. It was Montreal Day numerous critics now teeny Delved Tanat It was snapper's anger against women for making his characters act in these ways. An interesting aspect of some of the criticism on Aphelion's behavior has to do with those who act out the plays, themselves. Earlier renditions, when females were not as welcome on the stage, men played Aphelia and tended to react with more emotions to make Aphelia seem even weaker not only mentally but also in a physical aspect.When portrayed by a female, the pity and fragility were still present, Just not in the mocking demeanor as when portrayed by men. In other places, Aphelion's lines were shortened and censored because many did not believe in her place in the play at all. As time went on however, she is portrayed as childlike and frail in contrast to mad and dangerous. Hamlet's negative portrayal of women can be linked to many historical beliefs, but the examples are certain. The reader's lack of prior knowledge concerning Aphelia allows one to question the importance of her history.Woman, according to the time in which Hamlet was written, were supposed to be mentally unstable and fully dependent on their male spouse; Gertrude and Aphelia were prime example's of this phenomenon. Aphelion's specific death, that by drowning, can be linked directly with being a woman for water's liquidity. The idea of a woman being a sign of sexuality has been a common thought for thousands of years, this showing the ability for the plays modern day relevance.

Lifelong Learning Essay

1. Understand learning and teaching strategies in lifelong learning. 1.1 Summarise learning and teaching strategies used in own specialism. It is very important that i know and understand the various learning styles of my students before I start my lesson. This will enable my students to get maximum benefit from my lessons. I could do this through an initial assessment or interview or if i plan my lessons correctly, i could do this on the first day of class. Therefore once i know my students style of learning i can plan my lessons to what style best suits them. Once I’ve established their learning style i could then plan my lessons to suit my students and i could also use assessments to gauge their progress during lessons, this will be in the form of the initial assessment, formative and summative assessments. I could explain my teaching plan to the class, the aim and objective of the lesson, this way the students will be clear what the session entails and what they have to kn ow at the end of the lesson. In making sure no student is left out i could use EDIP to get my lesson across, this way i will be covering all learning styles. The students should also know what is acceptable in their behaviour and what’s not; this can be done through a class contract. The layout, safety and temperature of the room is also of great importance as there will be some students in wheelchairs, thus the students will feel comfortable during lessons. If not my students will be concentrating on the cold, lack of ventilation, also they may not be able to see or hear on what’s going on, therefore i will have failed in my aim and objective as a teacher. As a tutor teaching about disability I’m governed by the Health and Safety at Work act 1974. My students should be made aware of these rules and in case of any accidents where to go, and where the fire escapes and meeting points are, and also which toilets are suitable for wheelchairs. I will need to give a brief outline of COSHH and what it means, and how we behave in the class. To ensure good teaching and learning i will make it exciting and informative for them as i possibly can. Depending on funding i will try and have as much equipment as possible to demonstrate with, this will give the clas s a good feeling of achievement and help them have an easier life, also it will give me a good feeling knowing I’m doing my job properly. 1:2 Explain how approaches to learning and teaching in own specialism meet the needs of learners. As a tutor i will be giving talks on disability acts, changes to benefits including Personal Independence payment (PIP). I will be using handouts talks and visitors from the Job Centre Plus (JCP) and other benefit agencies. I will use the students own experience and situation to highlight the affects that these new changes will have on them, this will be class involvement and participation. This type of instruction will also use acts, dates; benefit amounts – numeracy, demonstrations and handouts – visual explanation and aural. I will also be using the fire brigade, who will give advice on fire risks in the home and give advice in preventing fires, and also on smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors, and most importantly what to do in the event of a fire, and disability adaption companies to give talks and demonstrations on what home and vehicle adaption’s that are available to them, these adaption’s will make them more independent, this will involve hands on sessions. In some cases may have to use power point. This will use kinaesthetic learning; all of the above will incorporate all learning styles and therefore will be fully inclusive. 1:3 Describe aspects of inclusive learning. Inclusive learning is all about involving all my students during the lesson, and treating them equally and fairly, and without directly or indirectly excluding anyone during a lesson. Some students may feel excluded if their particular needs are not met. Also i will need to take into account of any individual learning or support needs. Knowing what my students needs are in advance can be done through an initial assessment or the induction process. Inclusion is also about attitudes as well as behaviour; some students may be affected by the actions or words of others. Using student’s first names, having eye contact and speaking personally to the students when addressing them will incorporate inclusive learning. Creating learning conditions in the class setting can be based on respect for others, a group contract and ground rules will help with inclusive learning. Many ways for promoting inclusion are. Identifying needs, i need to find a way to overcome any barriers, flexible programmes for students with special needs, students taking medication, and having any appointments outside of the class. Also putting any sign posts for internal or external agencies which may be of use to them. Planning learning, by creating lesson plans and schemes of work will reflect on how i will be able to include all my students. Also by being able to plan a visit to an outside organisation so they can see what is available for them in making their life easier. Also agreeing any individual learning plans or actions plans they may need. Finding out if they’ve had any previous learning or experience. Facilitating learning, by encouraging group work where students can mix and participate with all students of the group. Making students feel comfortable to approach me with any questions they need to ask. Providing a safe and supportive environment where everyone’s contribution is valued. Encouraging respect and promoting and understanding of student differences. Assessing learning, this can be done by initial, formative and summative assessm ents. Adapting assessment activities where possible to meet any particular requirements or needs. Recognising and valuing individual’s achievements. Ensuring assessment planning is individual. Encouraging all students to reach their full potential. Quality assurance evaluation, communicating with other team members to ensure they are aware of any student requirements or issues, obtaining feedback from my students on mine and their performance in class, there are different ways in doing this.1: verbally, 2: electronically, 3: written. Evaluating my delivery to ensure I have included all the students fully in my lesson. Liaising with awarding organisation regarding any modifications required to the learning and assessment activities. As teaching about disability I will be using all aspects of inclusive learning, by using a mixture of different approaches in my class, this will ensure I meet all learning styles and retain student engagement and motivation. 2: Understand how to create inclusive learning and teaching in lifelong learning. 2.1 Explain how to select inclusive learning and teaching techniques. As a tutor it is important that i make my lessons inclusive, i can do this by using different learning and teaching styles during my lessons; choosing which style to use depends on what type of students i have in my class. Choosing inclusive learning and teaching techniques will allow the whole class to be involved making sure that my lesson is inclusive. It is also important that i discuss with my students what their support needs and requirements are, this can be done by an initial assessment and first interview. Once i know the needs and requirements i will be able to plan my lesson making sure that my lesson is inclusive. A tutor led demonstration is a teaching and learning method that may work well with hands on; this allows all students to participate regardless of ability levels of learning styles, it’s also useful for s tudents that learn visually, some students may have hearing difficulties therefore it is important for me to give instructions both verbally and visually, and written down. Therefore making sure that all learner and learning styles have been catered for. I could split the class into groups; by doing this it does not put any pressure on any individual student, this way they can discuss amongst themselves because each one will have individual views, this then will allow them to gather their own thoughts and discuss with the rest of their group. Ensuring my teaching and learning methods are inclusive and will meet the needs of my students and will help my students feel valued and supported. As i mentioned earlier it is important i find out if any students have any needs or need any support, as i will be able to choose the appropriate teaching and learning methods for the students and their learning styles. 2.2 Explain how to select resources that meet the need of learners. It is important to discuss with the students what their needs are and what extra support they need in order for the lesson to be inclusive. I can use many forms of resources it’s important that i make resources accessible to all students. Resources can help with their learning, therefore it is important to select resources that meet the needs of my learners. Some students may not disclose their additional needs for a variety of reasons; therefore there are a few steps which i can take to ensure that the students can still take part in their lessons. For example, making sure that all written text is large enough and plain font so as it makes it easier to read and different coloured paper can be useful for students with visual support needs. Students with visual impairment will also benefit from the larger text. Students with hearing difficulties its best to use power point with written handouts explaining what they will be doing and what i will be discussing during the lesson, this way the students will feel included in the lesson rather than wondering what’s going on. Also if using power point make sure the text is large enough for those not sitting close enough are able to see. By using these resources i am making sure my lessons are inclusive. I can also use external resources for example: * Local fire brigade, they can explain the fire risks at home and also advise on safety, they can arrange for a home visit to check that all safety measures are in place. * Job centre plus, to give advice on future employment and what is available for disabled people. * Local council, to give advice on any home improvements on making their lives a little easier, and handout leaflets on what may be available to them. * Ambulance service, to give advice on what to do in case of emergency and a little basic first aid training. * Guest speaker, to give advice on benefits and what’s available to them, and also what the new system will mean to them, the phasing out of DLA to Personal Independence Payment, (pip) between 2013-2016, also changes made to the sick ness benefit, and where to go for any advice. All these resources are beneficial in independent living and ensuring a positive outcome in inclusive teaching and learning. 2.3 Explain how to create assessment opportunities that meet the needs of learners. The first assessment will be the initial assessment; also asking the students if they have any prior knowledge, i will be doing assessments throughout the course this will give me a good idea on how my students are progressing, and will highlight any areas they are struggling in, class discussions may also help in finding out any initial needs of the class and offer the right support for them. Formative and summative assessments will also be carried out. Formative assessments are carried out during and throughout the course, this will allow for development to take place, and asking questions and observing will help me give ongoing feedback and will enable my students develop further. I could give them simple tasks to do and assess their development, this way i can find out if there are any areas in need of further development. Students doing simple tasks will help in therapy and give every student the opportunity to give feedback on what they’ve seen and learned. Summative assessments are done at the end of each lesson and getting the students to demonstrate on what they have learned during the lesson, this can be quite stressful for some students; therefore i can help by giving a little encouragement. When doing summative assessments i only need to assess what needs to be assessed. 2.4 Explain how to provide opportunities for learners to practice their literacy, language, numeracy and ICT skills. Literacy skills can be used in lessons in a number of ways; i could do this by getting the students to create posters, or handouts. I could also get the students to read out or present their work to the rest of the class, which would bring both language and communication skills into the lesson. By providing a print out of my power point (if i have one) is another way of using literacy and language skills, as the students will be able to follow the power point at their own pace, and also gives the students a resource in which they can take away with them. I could also get the students to take part in role play situations, or discussions on a certain topic/ language skills will be used in a lesson when starting a new topic by providing students with a glossary which will provide the students with definitions of new terms. Language skills will involve listening, discussions, and explaining to the rest of the class what they are doing, and the other students giving feedback. This could also be covered by a question and answer session. Numeracy skills can also be used in most lessons, it could be as simple as by putting in a graph, pie chart or a bar chart into my presentation or handouts. This way the students will get used to seeing charts, and could also help them to understand how they work, therefore using numeracy skills in my lessons. I could also use terms such as 50% instead of half, this again will help the students understand numerical terms better. Time keeping skills can also be used in the lesson by giving the students timetables to show what time they start their lesson, also informing the students that breaks are every 45 minutes. All travel costs will be reimbursed by my organisation; by getting the students to total up their travel costs instead of us working it out for them will incorporate numeracy in my lesson. There are a number of ways to incorporate ICT skills during lessons; which will allow the students to build on their skills, beforehand i will have provided a scheme of work, and at all stages of the lesson these will be taken into account. I can use ICT in most lessons and also i could include tasks such as typing work into a word document, or use power point to create a presentation to present to the rest of the class. By getting the students to do a presentation will help in their language skills as well as ICT skills, also another way i could use ICT skills in lessons is to get the students to do some on-line research on a topic which i will give them. Sometimes i may have a lack of ICT resources; this may make it more difficult for the students to learn. However, i could give the students a handout containing links to websites relevant to the lesson. By providing the student’s links will encourage the students to access them in their own time; therefore i will have incorporated skills into my lessons without ICT resources in the classroom. 3. Understand ways to create a motivating learning environment. 3.1 Explain ways to engage and motivate learners in an inclusive learning environment.